medical-center-cologne: дендритные клетки

Dendritic Cells Therapy Over the past 12 years, the Medical Center Cologne has treated roughly 5000 patients with dendritic cell therapy. Conditions successfully treated with dendritic cell vaccination have included primary and secondary brain tumors, primary bone cancer and bone metastasis, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, liver metastasis of all kinds, cholangiocarcinoma, lung cancer, melanoma, and prostate cancer. Using the Gorter Model protocol, patients with end-stage cancer frequently experience partial remission and stabilize for several years with very positive quality of life. Some also experience sustained and complete remission. For example, to date 48% of all patients with Glioblastoma multiforme Stage IV went in complete and long-lasting remission. This is remarkable, given that statistics from the medical literature indicate that with standard treatment, about 72% of all patients who have been diagnosed with Glioblastoma multiforme Stage IV die within the first year of diagnosis and only 1% survive three years. These outcomes reflect the positive survival rates frequently seen in the patients at the Medical Center Cologne. Dendritic cell therapy has been an integral aspect of Dr. Gorter’s treatment for more than 12 years. This work has pioneered a very moderate approach to hyperthermia and immunotherapy, developing safe, effective protocols that are now being validated in the peer-reviewed medical literature. Today, research centers worldwide are studying dendritic cell therapy, which continues to emerge “as a potentially powerful, non-toxic and broadly useful vaccination strategy for cancer patients.”		In the USA, in May of 2010, vaccinations with dendritic cells in metastatic prostate cancer have been approved by the FDA as an effective treatment. Experts expect that within a few years, dendritic cells have become part of standard treatment of various (and maybe all) forms of cancer.
		Patient receiving a dendritic cell vaccine

Researchers have shown that fresh and vital dendritic cells can be introduced into the body in the form of a vaccine. If cancer is present, inoculation with new dendritic cells alerts the immune system to the presence of cancer and restarts proper immune function. This serves to mobilize the exceptional power of the immune system to identify cancer and combat it.

These dendritic cells are cultured from the patient’s own white blood cells (so they are described as “autologous”). Initially, after a simple blood draw, the blood is sent to a high-tech medical laboratory where specially trained cell biologists and technicians separate out certain white blood cells (monocytes) from the blood. These cells are then cultured and transformed in seven days into a new generation dendritic cells.

This new generation of vital, activated dendritic cells is re-introduced into the patient’s body through simple intractaneous injections as shown above. The results are remarkable by any standard, increasing immune response, patient survival, and quality of life.

During the transformation of monocytes into dendritic cells in the laboratory, it is possible to specifically sensitize those cells to the patient’s cancer if tumor tissue has been preserved during the patient’s surgery. If the tumor tissue is transported to the Center following surgery, it possible to isolate the specific tumor antigens (the cancer’s “ID”) directly from the tumor tissue.

When the dendritic cells are exposed to these tumor-specific antigens, they “memorize” this particular ID. When they are reintroduced back into the body, the dendritic cells are “imprinted” specifically with the ID of the cancer cells to be destroyed. This process of educating the dendritic cells is described as “loading” the dendritic cells.

However, only about 1% of all cancer patients seeking treatment at the Medical Center Cologne in Germany have suitable tumor tissue available. Yet the current success rate with dendritic inoculations is exceptional by any standard.

At the Medical Center Cologne, we like to use fresh tumor tissue whenever possible. The task of the dendritic cells is to recognize cells that look different. When they identify a deviant cell, the dendritic cells signal the immune system to destroy the cancer. By focusing the immune system specifically on the actual cancer cells of the patient, we are able to achieve an even stronger, targeted immune response. In case we have suitable tumor tissue available, we then load about 50% of all dendritic cells and the other 50% we leave “naïve” so that these dendritic cells can also recognize other tumor specific antigens than present in the tumor tissue sample. In this way, it is very likely that all possible tumor cells can be recognized by these dendritic cells.

Robert Gorter, MD, PhD, founder and
director of the Medical Center Cologne

Dendritic Cell Vaccination

Researchers have shown that fresh and vital dendritic cells can be introduced into the body in the form of a vaccine.

All healthy individuals continuously produce cancer cells throughout their lives. These cells occur on an ongoing basis and because they develop from within the body, they are referred to as autologous. Malignant cells result from the effects of mutations and viruses, and exposure to carcinogens ranging from radiation or, tobacco smoke, to pesticides, and food colorings and preservatives, just to mention a few.

It is the primary task of the cellular immune system to detect these cancer cells early and destroy them. It should be understood that in any human being, cancer cells develop by the thousands every day. As long as the immune system can detect early, and contain the flow of newly emerging cancer cells, one can go through life without ever developing clinical cancer. Systemic immunodeficiency is observed in patients with advanced malignant disease.[ ]

When cancer occurs, by definition the immune response is suppressed, or there has been an excessive exposure to a carcinogen. Impaired immune function often involves a drop in the number and/or the function of immune cells available to effectively detect or kill cancer cells.

Dendritic cells are one of the keys to an effective immune response to cancerous cells. The dendritic cells migrate throughout the tissues of the body, checking for abnormal cells. Dendritic cells also target cells with the potential to become malignant, due to chronic infection by a virus (for example a chronic viral infection in the cervix such as human papilloma virus (HPV) which can develop into a malignancy). When an abnormal cell, such as a cancer cell, has been detected the dendritic cell travels to a nearby lymph node and presents the “ID” (the specific antigen profile) of the cancer cell to be destroyed.

If the immune system is no longer able to recognize cancer cells, it cannot destroy malignant cells as they develop day to day. When that occurs, cancer can gain a foothold and grow unchecked. Tumor cells, which may remain undetected for years, are referred to as subclinical cancer. Over time, tumors can continue to develop without detection and amass.

Restoring the Immune Function

All healthy individuals continuously produce cancer cells throughout their lives.

Dendritic cell therapy is now widely recognized as safe [ ] and nontoxic [iii ]with minimal toxicity, at the lowest level—Grade 1. This nontoxic treatment is appropriate for probably all cancer patients and all immune-compromised patients.

The injections are generally well tolerated [iv v ] with almost no side effects except for a fever that typically starts the day of the injection and lasts 4 to 24 hours. Temporary side effects documented by Japanese researchers “were low grade fever (78%), chills (83%), fatigue (23%), and some nausea (17%) experienced on the day of the cell [injections].”[vii]

Researchers have also pointed out that dendritic cell therapy offers a safe, effective, non-toxic treatment option for children. [ , ] Preliminary studies show that the vaccines are even more effective in younger patients [xi xii] and in early stage cancers. [ ]

Safety and Effectiveness

Dendritic cell therapy is now widely recognized as safe and nontoxic with minimal toxicity

When we vaccinate for diseases such as tetanus or measles, the injection must be repeated five to six times at defined intervals, in order to establish life-long immunity. Vaccination improves specific immune function, but the immune system must be “trained” through repeated exposures.

To improve immune function using dendritic cells, these new cells must be injected at least six times. Patients with all forms of cancer and also patients with chronic viral infections, such as Hepatitis B and C or HIV, are initially vaccinated with dendritic cells six times at monthly intervals. Thereafter, the injections are repeated once every six months for the duration of three years as “booster shots” and then at usually yearly intervals.

This ongoing dendritic cell vaccination is another aspect of treatment. Providing the vaccine on a schedule comparable to other vaccine protocols has resulted in an encouraging success rate of effective treatment. The importance of frequent vaccination in the initial stage of treatment has now been validated in scores of recent research studies.

Training the Immune System

When we vaccinate for diseases such as tetanus or measles, the injection must be repeated five to six times at defined intervals, in order to establish life-long immunity.

More than 250 research studies have confirmed the effectiveness of this approach to immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Study after study has shown that dendritic cell therapy provides “a significant prolongation in survival.”[i] American studies of dendritic cell therapy[ have been conducted at major universities including Harvard Medical School, Stanford, UCSF Medical School, University of Maryland, University of Michigan, and University of Texas. In May 2010, the FDA hasapproved dendritic cell therapy[ in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. [

There is broad agreement that dendritic cell therapy [increases the number of T-cells in the body, which results in a stronger immune response[i vi xiii] Italian researchers reported, “Dendritic cell targeting has recently been shown to confer strong and protective cytotoxic T cell-based immunity.”[ ]

Studies at research centers around the world have documented the benefits of dendritic cell therapy for many forms of cancer including brain tumors,[ix ]eukemia,[ix ] lymphoma,[xiii ] melanoma,[vi xiii] and a range of other malignancies including cancers of the breast,[xviii] gastrointestinal tract,[vi xiii] liver,[v] lungs,[vii ]pancreas,kidneys,[i xvii] and thyroid.[iv] In the U.S., a controlled phase II study of metastatic prostate cancer conducted in 2009 documented the effectiveness of dendritic cell vaccinations for prostate cancer [xiv]

Dendritic Cell Research

More than 250 research studies have confirmed the effectiveness of this approach to immunotherapy in cancer treatment.

Dendritic cell therapy improves the outcome of cancer treatment and frequently extends life for cancer patients by several years, with improved quality of life.

In an Austrian study of 10 patients with metastatic thyroid cancer,
30% had stable conditions at one year.[iv]
German cancer research on metastatic thyroid conditions found that
5 of 10 patients survived more than 3 years with dendritic cell therapy 50% of patients.[ ]
A Polish study of leukemia patients found that 8 of 12 (66%) patients stabilized or improved.[xxi]
Research conducted in Korea with 9 renal cancer patients found that
6 of 9 (66%) benefited from the dendritic cell vaccine, with an average survival of 2 ½ years.[x]
An Italian study followed the progress of relapsed lymphoma patients who were then treated with dendritic cell therapy and reported that almost 80% were stable after 4 years.[xxii]
Japanese research documented the health of 28 lung cancer patients
who received dendritic cell therapy and found a 2-year survival rate of 90% and 5-year survival greater than 50%.[vii]

Long-Term Survival

b>Dendritic cell therapy improves the outcome of cancer treatment and frequently extends life for cancer patients by several years, with improved quality of life.

The most recent studies have found that dendritic cell vaccine significantly prolong patient survival. For example, a recent French study involving 56 cancer patients reported patient survival averaging almost 4 years.[xv]

In a Chilean study of 50 patients, those with Stage III cancer survived an average of 4 years. Among those with Stage IV cancer, 60% responded positively to the therapy and lived almost 3 years.[xvi] This is an exceptionally positive result, since life expectancy of Stage 4 patients is usually measured in weeks or months. Each of these studies involved some form of dendritic cell vaccine.

A Danish study found that dendritic cell inoculation can double the number of T cells and NK cells in the body in as little as 4 weeks following the injection.[xviii] According to British researchers at the U.K. Institute for Cancer Studies, “Dendritic cells are the most potent of all antigen-presenting cells, with the capacity to take up, process, and present tumor antigens to T cells and stimulate an immune response, thus providing a rational platform for vaccine development. ”[v] Japanese researchers conclude, “Dendritic cells loaded with tumor antigens have been emerging as a new strategy in cancer treatment.”[vi]

At the Medical Center Cologne, patients with Glioblastoma multiforme, 48% experience complete, long-lasting remission and another 24% experience a prolonged period of partial remission or stable disease. This is remarkable in the context of the 5% one-year survival rate reported in the medical literature for the average patient diagnosed with stage IV brain tumors die within the first year of diagnosis, although some patients, chemotherapy (Temodal) and radiation experience an additional 6 months life expectancy.[ ]

In patients with Stage IV breast cancer, approximately 26% to 28% still go into complete and sustained remission, and another approximately 48% experience partial remission with improved quality of life and significantly prolonged life expectancy.

This nontoxic immune therapy offers an important option in cancer treatment. Dendritic cell vaccines provide another form of treatment for conditions that cannot be addressed with standard chemotherapy or radiation, such as metastatic renal canceri or melanoma. [xiv]

The dendritic cell vaccine can be a life-prolonging therapy for Stage III and IV patients and for the vast majority of patients enhances quality of life significantly.

Current Research

The most recent studies have found that dendritic cell vaccine significantly prolong patient survival.

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References

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dendritic cells

hyperthermia

nontoxic cancer therapy